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Epidemiological studies of esophageal cancer in the era of genome-wide association studies.
[esophageal adenocarcinoma]
Esophageal
cancer
(
EC
)
caused
about
395000
deaths
in
2010
.
China
has
the
most
cases
of
EC
and
EC
is
the
fourth
leading
cause
of
cancer
death
in
China
.
Esophageal
squamous
cell
carcinoma
(
ESCC
)
is
the
predominant
histologic
type
(
90
%
-
95
%
)
,
while
the
incidence
of
esophageal
adenocarcinoma
(
EAC
)
remains
extremely
low
in
China
.
Traditional
epidemiological
studies
have
revealed
that
environmental
carcinogens
are
risk
factors
for
EC
.
Molecular
epidemiological
studies
revealed
that
susceptibility
to
EC
is
influenced
by
both
environmental
and
genetic
risk
factors
.
Of
all
the
risk
factors
for
EC
,
some
are
associated
with
the
risk
of
ESCC
and
others
with
the
risk
of
EAC
.
However
,
the
details
and
mechanisms
of
risk
factors
involved
in
the
process
for
EC
are
unclear
.
The
advanced
methods
and
techniques
used
in
human
genome
studies
bring
a
great
opportunity
for
researchers
to
explore
and
identify
the
details
of
those
risk
factors
or
susceptibility
genes
involved
in
the
process
of
EC
.
Human
genome
epidemiology
is
a
new
branch
of
epidemiology
,
which
leads
the
epidemiology
study
from
the
molecular
epidemiology
era
to
the
era
of
genome
wide
association
studies
(
GWAS
)
.
Here
we
review
the
epidemiological
studies
of
EC
(
especially
ESCC
)
in
the
era
of
GWAS
,
and
provide
an
overview
of
the
general
risk
factors
and
those
genomic
variants
(
genes
,
SNPs
,
miRNAs
,
proteins
)
involved
in
the
process
of
ESCC
.
