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Electrospray ionization on porous spraying tips for direct sample analysis by mass spectrometry: enhanced detection sensitivity and selectivity using hydrophobic/hydrophilic materials as spraying tips.
[erythropoietic protoporphyria]
Despite
various
porous
materials
having
been
widely
adopted
as
spraying
tips
for
direct
sample
analysis
using
electrospray
ionization
mass
spectrometry
(
ESI
-
MS
)
,
the
effect
of
surface
property
and
porosity
of
spraying
tip
materials
on
their
analytical
performances
is
not
clear
.
Investigation
of
their
relationships
could
provide
insight
into
the
proper
choice
and
/
or
design
of
spraying
tip
materials
for
direct
sample
analysis
.
The
effect
of
spraying
tip
materials
with
different
polarities
,
including
polyester
and
polyethylene
(
hydrophobic
)
and
wood
(
hydrophilic
)
,
on
the
detection
sensitivity
for
a
variety
of
compounds
,
and
on
the
ESI
onset
voltage
,
were
studied
using
ESI
-
MS
.
The
porosity
of
each
type
of
spraying
tip
was
characterized
by
scanning
electron
microscopy
(
SEM
)
.
Factors
governing
the
detection
sensitivity
were
determined
based
on
the
correlation
of
the
detection
sensitivity
to
the
ESI
onset
voltage
,
the
polarity
,
and
the
porosity
of
the
spraying
tip
materials
.
Hydrophobic
tips
(
i
.
e
.
,
polyester
and
polyethylene
)
show
better
detection
sensitivity
for
polar
compounds
but
not
for
non-polar
compounds
,
while
hydrophilic
tips
(
wooden
tips
)
show
the
opposite
effect
.
This
phenomenon
could
be
due
to
the
difference
in
interaction
between
the
analytes
and
the
tips
,
causing
the
analytes
to
adsorb
on
the
tip
to
different
extents
.
In
addition
,
the
micro-porous
nature
of
the
tips
could
facilitate
solvent
diffusion
for
transporting
analytes
to
the
tip
and
maintain
a
stable
spray
for
recording
MS
data
.
With
the
proper
choice
of
spraying
tip
materials
,
trace
amount
of
analytes
at
the
picomole
level
can
be
detected
with
minimal
sample
pretreatment
.
B
oth
the
polarity
and
the
porosity
of
the
spraying
tip
materials
could
significantly
affect
detection
sensitivity
for
a
wide
variety
of
analytes
.
With
proper
choice
of
spraying
tip
material
,
ESI
on
a
porous
spraying
tip
could
be
a
sensitive
method
for
the
direct
analysis
of
daily
life
samples
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"wide variety"
symptom
alexander disease
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
cadasil
erythropoietic protoporphyria
esophageal carcinoma
familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
gm1 gangliosidosis
junctional epidermolysis bullosa
lamellar ichthyosis
lymphangioleiomyomatosis
oral submucous fibrosis
pleomorphic liposarcoma
proteus syndrome
severe combined immunodeficiency
x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
zellweger syndrome
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