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Tropical environments, human activities, and the transmission of infectious diseases.
[dracunculiasis]
Throughout
recent
history
,
the
tropical
regions
of
the
world
have
been
affected
more
severely
by
infectious
diseases
than
the
temperate
world
.
Much
of
the
success
of
infectious
diseases
in
that
region
is
due
to
both
biological
and
environmental
factors
that
encourage
high
levels
of
biodiversity
in
hosts
,
vectors
,
and
pathogens
,
and
social
factors
that
compromise
efforts
to
control
diseases
.
Several
of
these
factors
are
described
.
Discussion
then
shifts
to
specific
types
of
host-pathogen
relationships
.
The
most
important
of
these
in
the
tropics
is
the
relationship
between
humans
,
a
pathogen
,
and
a
vector
that
carries
the
pathogen
from
one
human
to
another
.
Mosquitoes
are
the
vector
responsible
for
the
transmission
of
many
vector-borne
human
diseases
.
Characteristics
of
mosquito-human
interactions
are
described
,
including
cultural
behaviors
humans
have
developed
that
both
increase
the
chances
of
transmission
and
help
to
limit
that
transmission
.
The
transmission
of
water-borne
diseases
,
fecal-
oral
transmission
,
zoonotic
diseases
,
respiratory
illnesses
,
and
sexually
transmitted
diseases
are
also
discussed
.
Attention
is
paid
to
how
diseases
with
these
modes
of
transmission
differ
in
characteristics
and
importance
in
tropical
human
populations
compared
to
those
in
temperate
regions
.
Following
this
general
discussion
,
three
case
studies
are
presented
in
some
detail
.
The
diseases
chosen
for
the
case
studies
include
cholera
,
lymphatic
filariasis
,
and
dracunculiasis
(
guinea
worm
)
.
These
three
case
studies
taken
together
provide
examples
of
the
diversity
of
human
host-pathogen
interactions
as
well
as
ways
that
human
activities
have
both
promoted
their
spread
and
helped
to
control
them
.
The
transmission
of
all
three
diseases
is
related
to
the
nature
and
quality
of
water
sources
.
The
transmission
of
cholera
,
a
water-borne
disease
,
is
related
to
sanitation
practices
,
physical
characteristics
of
the
environment
such
as
temperature
and
humidity
,
and
modern
shipping
practices
.
Lymphatic
filariasis
,
a
mosquito-borne
disease
,
has
increased
in
frequency
in
parts
of
Africa
in
recent
decades
as
a
consequence
of
large
-scale
agricultural
development
projects
that
have
shifted
the
nature
and
quantity
of
water
sources
and
potential
mosquito
breeding
sites
.
Dracunculiasis
is
transmitted
by
a
small
crustacean
that
contaminates
sources
of
drinking
water
.
Because
its
transmission
can
be
prevented
by
a
simple
change
in
human
behavior
,
filtering
all
water
with
a
small
piece
of
cloth
before
using
it
,
dracunculiasis
has
been
the
focus
of
a
major
eradication
effort
that
is
near
success
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"specific types"
symptom
dracunculiasis
erdheim-chester disease
typhoid
werner syndrome
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