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Volume reduction of the jugular foramina in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with syringomyelia.
[achondroplasia]
Understanding
the
pathogenesis
of
the
chiari-like
malformation
in
the
Cavalier
King
Charles
Spaniel
(
CKCS
)
is
incomplete
,
and
current
hypotheses
do
not
fully
explain
the
development
of
syringomyelia
(
SM
)
in
the
spinal
cords
of
affected
dogs
.
This
study
investigates
an
unconventional
pathogenetic
theory
for
the
development
of
cerebrospinal
fluid
(
CSF
)
pressure
waves
in
the
subarachnoid
space
in
CKCS
with
SM
,
by
analogy
with
human
diseases
.
In
children
with
achondroplasia
the
shortening
of
the
skull
base
can
lead
to
a
narrowing
of
the
jugular
foramina
(
JF
)
between
the
cranial
base
synchondroses
.
This
in
turn
has
been
reported
to
cause
a
congestion
of
the
major
venous
outflow
tracts
of
the
skull
and
consequently
to
an
increase
in
the
intracranial
pressure
(
ICP
)
.
Amongst
brachycephalic
dog
breeds
the
CKCS
has
been
identified
as
having
an
extremely
short
and
wide
braincase
.
A
stenosis
of
the
JF
and
a
consequential
vascular
compromise
in
this
opening
could
contribute
to
venous
hypertension
,
raising
ICP
and
causing
CSF
jets
in
the
spinal
subarachnoid
space
of
the
CKCS
.
In
this
study
,
JF
volumes
in
CKCSs
with
and
without
SM
were
compared
to
assess
a
possible
role
of
this
pathologic
mechanism
in
the
development
of
SM
in
this
breed
.
Computed
tomography
(
CT
)
scans
of
40
CKCSs
>
4
years
of
age
were
used
to
create
three
-dimensional
(
3
D
)
models
of
the
skull
and
the
JF
.
Weight
matched
groups
(
7
-
10
kg
)
of
20
CKCSs
with
SM
and
20
CKCSs
without
SM
were
compared
.
CKCSs
without
SM
presented
significantly
larger
JF
-
volumes
(
median
left
JF
:
0
.
0633
cm
3
;
median
right
JF
:
0
.
0703
cm
3
;
p
<
0
.
0001
)
when
compared
with
CKCSs
with
SM
(
median
left
JF
:
0
.
0382
cm
3
;
median
right
JF
:
0
.
0434
cm
3
;
p
<
0
.
0001
)
.
There
was
no
significant
difference
between
the
left
and
right
JF
within
each
group
.
Bland-
Altman
analysis
revealed
excellent
reproducibility
of
all
volume
measurements
.
A
stenosis
of
the
JF
and
consecutive
venous
congestion
may
explain
the
aetiology
of
CSF
pressure
waves
in
the
subarachnoid
space
,
independent
of
cerebellar
herniation
,
as
an
additional
pathogenetic
factor
for
the
development
of
SM
in
this
breed
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"major venous outflow tracts of the skull"
symptom
achondroplasia
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