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The association of serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins with selected trace elements and minerals in phenylketonuric patients on diet.
[classical phenylketonuria]
Classical
phenylketonuria
(
PKU
)
is
an
inborn
error
of
metabolism
characterized
by
high
Phenylalanine
(
Phe
)
levels
in
blood
and
treated
with
a
special
low
Phe
diet
which
can
be
defined
as
"
nonatherogenic
"
.
Since
coronary
heart
disease
(
CHD
)
was
reported
to
be
a
disease
of
zinc
and
copper
imbalance
,
we
aimed
indirectly
to
evaluate
the
effect
of
the
special
diet
on
the
size
of
LDL
particles
and
to
investigate
whether
some
minerals
and
trace
elements
are
involved
in
their
lipoprotein
metabolism
.
Eighty
-
six
(
N
=
86
)
PKU
patients
were
divided
into
two
groups
.
Group
A
(
N
=
44
)
on
a
strict
diet
and
group
B
(
N
=
42
)
who
did
not
adhere
to
their
treatment
.
Healthy
children
(
N
=
98
)
were
the
controls
.
Serum
total
cholesterol
(
t-
Chol
)
,
triacylglycerol
,
High
-density
lipoprotein
(
HDL
)
and
t-
Chol
in
very
-
low
-density
lipoprotein
(
VLDL
)
and
low
-density
lipoprotein
(
LDL
)
were
measured
with
enzymatic
methods
,
whereas
Apolipoprotein
AI
(
Apo
AI
)
,
Apolipoprotein
AII
(
Apo
AII
)
and
Apolipoprotein
B
(
Apo
B
)
were
determined
by
nephelometric
techniques
.
LDL
/
Apo
B
positively
correlated
with
LDL
size
.
Magnesium
(
Mg
)
,
calcium
(
Ca
)
,
copper
(
Cu
)
and
zinc
(
Zn
)
measurements
were
performed
by
atomic
absorption
spectrometry
.
t-
Chol
,
LDL
,
VLDL
,
Apo
B
,
the
ratio
t-
Chol
/
HDL
,
Apo
AI
/
Apo
B
and
LDL
/
Apo
B
as
well
as
copper
levels
and
the
ratio
Zn
/
Cu
in
group
A
statistically
significantly
differed
as
compared
to
those
of
group
B
and
Controls
.
Positive
correlations
were
found
between
Mg
and
HDL
and
Apo
AI
in
all
the
groups
whereas
the
mineral
correlated
with
t-
Chol
,
Apo
B
and
the
ratio
LDL
/
Apo
B
only
in
the
group
A
of
patients
.
Copper
negatively
correlated
with
triacylglycerol
,
LDL
,
and
Apo
B
and
positively
with
t-
Chol
in
group
A
.
Zinc
showed
negative
relationships
in
HDL
and
Apo
A
in
all
the
studied
groups
.
The
ratio
Zn
/
Cu
negatively
correlated
with
triacylglycerol
and
LDL
in
all
the
groups
and
positively
with
the
ratios
Apo
AI
/
Apo
B
and
LDL
/
Apo
B
in
group
A
.
Some
of
the
minerals
and
trace
elements
were
correlated
with
the
lipids
and
lipoproteins
and
were
also
involved
in
the
size
of
LDL
particles
in
PKU
patients
on
strict
diet
.
Larger
and
less
atherogenic
LDL
particles
were
associated
with
a
high
Zn
/
Cu
ratio
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"a high zn"
symptom
classical phenylketonuria
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