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Gene-environment interaction involved in cholangiocarcinoma in the Thai population: polymorphisms of DNA repair genes, smoking and use of alcohol.
[cholangiocarcinoma]
Cholangiocarcinoma
(
CCA
)
is
the
most
common
malignancy
in
a
Northeast
Thai
population
.
Smoking
and
alcohol
drinking
are
associated
with
the
production
of
free
radical
intermediates
,
which
can
cause
several
types
of
DNA
lesions
.
Reduced
repair
of
these
DNA
lesions
would
constitute
an
important
risk
factor
for
cancer
development
.
We
therefore
examined
whether
polymorphisms
in
DNA
base-excision
repair
(
BER
)
genes
,
XRCC
1
G
399
A
and
OGG
1
C
3
26
G
,
were
associated
with
CCA
risk
and
whether
they
modified
the
effect
of
smoking
and
alcohol
drinking
in
the
Thai
population
.
A
nested
case-control
study
within
the
cohort
study
was
conducted
:
219
participants
with
primary
CCA
were
each
matched
with
two
non-
cancer
controls
from
the
same
cohort
on
sex
,
age
at
recruitment
and
the
presence
/
absence
of
Opisthorchis
viverrini
eggs
in
stools
.
Smoking
and
alcohol
consumption
were
assessed
on
recruitment
.
Polymorphisms
in
BER
genes
were
analysed
using
a
PCR
with
high
-resolution
melting
analysis
.
The
associations
were
assessed
using
conditional
logistic
regression
.
Our
results
suggest
that
,
in
the
Thai
population
,
polymorphisms
in
XRCC
1
and
OGG
1
genes
,
particularly
in
combination
,
are
associated
with
increased
susceptibility
to
CCA
,
and
that
their
role
as
modifiers
of
the
effect
of
smoking
and
alcohol
consumption
influences
the
risk
of
CCA
.
Better
ways
of
reducing
habitual
smoking
and
alcohol
consumption
,
targeted
towards
subgroups
which
are
genetically
susceptible
,
are
recommended
.
CCA
is
a
multifactorial
disease
,
and
a
comprehensive
approach
is
needed
for
its
effective
prevention
.
This
approach
would
also
have
the
additional
advantage
of
reducing
the
onset
of
other
cancers
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"cancer"
symptom
achondroplasia
acute rheumatic fever
adrenal incidentaloma
alpha-thalassemia
benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis
cadasil
canavan disease
carcinoma of the gallbladder
cholangiocarcinoma
coats disease
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
cowden syndrome
cushing syndrome
cutaneous mastocytosis
dedifferentiated liposarcoma
dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
epidermolysis bullosa simplex
erdheim-chester disease
erythropoietic protoporphyria
esophageal adenocarcinoma
esophageal carcinoma
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
familial mediterranean fever
gm1 gangliosidosis
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis
hirschsprung disease
hodgkin lymphoma, classical
inclusion body myositis
junctional epidermolysis bullosa
kabuki syndrome
kallmann syndrome
kindler syndrome
lamellar ichthyosis
liposarcoma
locked-in syndrome
lymphangioleiomyomatosis
monosomy 21
neuralgic amyotrophy
oculocutaneous albinism
oligodontia
oral submucous fibrosis
papillon-lefèvre syndrome
pendred syndrome
pleomorphic liposarcoma
primary effusion lymphoma
proteus syndrome
pyomyositis
pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
severe combined immunodeficiency
sneddon syndrome
systemic capillary leak syndrome
triple a syndrome
von hippel-lindau disease
waldenström macroglobulinemia
well-differentiated liposarcoma
werner syndrome
wiskott-aldrich syndrome
wolf-hirschhorn syndrome
x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
This symptom has already been validated