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Role of bacteria in carcinogenesis, with special reference to carcinoma of the gallbladder.
[carcinoma of the gallbladder]
Carcinoma
of
the
gallbladder
(
CaGB
)
is
the
fifth
commonest
gastrointestinal
tract
cancer
and
is
endemic
in
several
countries
.
The
interplay
of
genetic
susceptibility
,
infections
,
and
life
style
factors
has
been
proposed
to
be
responsible
for
carcinogenesis
of
gallbladder
.
Persistence
of
infection
leading
to
chronic
inflammation
,
and
production
of
certain
toxins
and
metabolites
with
carcinogenic
potentials
,
by
certain
bacteria
has
been
speculated
to
be
involved
in
the
transformation
of
the
gallbladder
epithelium
.
Therefore
,
any
bacteria
that
have
evolved
to
acquire
both
of
the
above
carcinogenic
mechanisms
can
cause
cancer
.
Salmonella
typhi
has
been
found
to
be
prominently
associated
with
CaGB
.
Chronic
typhoid
carriage
(
persistence
)
and
production
of
mediators
of
chronic
inflammation
and
a
genotoxic
toxin
(
cytotoxic
distending
toxin
,
CdtB
)
are
also
known
for
this
bacterium
.
Furthermore
,
the
natural
concentrating
function
of
the
gallbladder
might
amplify
the
carcinogenic
effect
of
the
mediators
of
carcinogenesis
.
In
addition
to
S
.
typhi
,
certain
species
of
Helicobacter
(
H
.
bilis
and
H
.
hepaticus
)
and
Escherichia
coli
have
also
been
implicated
in
carcinogenesis
.
As
the
isolation
rate
is
very
poor
with
the
presently
available
culture
techniques
,
the
existence
of
bacteria
in
a
viable
but
non-cultivable
state
is
quite
likely
;
therefore
,
sensitive
and
specific
molecular
techniques
might
reveal
the
etiological
role
of
bacterial
infection
in
gallbladder
carcinogenesis
.
If
bacteria
are
found
to
be
causing
cancers
,
then
eradication
of
such
infections
might
help
in
reducing
the
incidence
of
some
cancers
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"cancer"
symptom
achondroplasia
acute rheumatic fever
adrenal incidentaloma
alpha-thalassemia
benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis
cadasil
canavan disease
carcinoma of the gallbladder
cholangiocarcinoma
coats disease
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
cowden syndrome
cushing syndrome
cutaneous mastocytosis
dedifferentiated liposarcoma
dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
epidermolysis bullosa simplex
erdheim-chester disease
erythropoietic protoporphyria
esophageal adenocarcinoma
esophageal carcinoma
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
familial mediterranean fever
gm1 gangliosidosis
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis
hirschsprung disease
hodgkin lymphoma, classical
inclusion body myositis
junctional epidermolysis bullosa
kabuki syndrome
kallmann syndrome
kindler syndrome
lamellar ichthyosis
liposarcoma
locked-in syndrome
lymphangioleiomyomatosis
monosomy 21
neuralgic amyotrophy
oculocutaneous albinism
oligodontia
oral submucous fibrosis
papillon-lefèvre syndrome
pendred syndrome
pleomorphic liposarcoma
primary effusion lymphoma
proteus syndrome
pyomyositis
pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
severe combined immunodeficiency
sneddon syndrome
systemic capillary leak syndrome
triple a syndrome
von hippel-lindau disease
waldenström macroglobulinemia
well-differentiated liposarcoma
werner syndrome
wiskott-aldrich syndrome
wolf-hirschhorn syndrome
x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
This symptom has already been validated