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Clinical Associations of Cerebral Microbleeds on Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging.
[cadasil]
Susceptibility
-weighted
and
gradient-recalled
echo
T
2
*
magnetic
resonance
imaging
have
enabled
the
detection
of
very
small
foci
of
blood
within
the
brain
,
which
have
been
termed
"
cerebral
microbleeds
.
"
These
petechial
intraparenchymal
hemorrhages
have
begun
to
emerge
as
diagnostically
and
prognostically
useful
markers
in
a
variety
of
disease
states
.
Severe
hypertension
and
cerebral
amyloid
angiopathy
are
perhaps
the
best
established
microhemorrhagic
conditions
from
neuroimaging
literature
;
however
,
many
others
are
also
recognized
including
cerebral
autosomal
dominant
arteriopathy
,
subcortical
infarcts
,
and
leukoencephalopathy
(
CADASIL
)
,
moyamoya
disease
,
fat
embolism
,
cerebral
malaria
,
and
infective
endocarditis
.
Microbleeds
are
also
a
common
finding
in
the
setting
of
trauma
and
stroke
.
The
purpose
of
this
review
is
to
broadly
describe
the
neuroimaging
of
cerebral
microbleeds
in
a
wide
variety
of
conditions
,
including
the
differences
in
their
appearance
and
distribution
in
different
disease
states
.
In
a
few
situations
,
the
presence
of
microbleeds
may
influence
clinical
management
,
and
we
discuss
these
situations
in
detail
.
The
major
importance
of
this
emerging
field
in
neuroimaging
is
the
potential
to
identify
microvascular
pathology
at
an
asymptomatic
or
minimally
symptomatic
stage
and
create
a
window
of
therapeutic
opportunity
.
Diseases
Validation
Diseases presenting
"hypertension"
symptom
achondroplasia
acute rheumatic fever
adrenal incidentaloma
aniridia
aromatase deficiency
cadasil
child syndrome
cohen syndrome
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
cushing syndrome
cystinuria
erdheim-chester disease
erythropoietic protoporphyria
esophageal adenocarcinoma
fabry disease
familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
gm1 gangliosidosis
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis
holt-oram syndrome
homocystinuria without methylmalonic aciduria
hydrocephalus with stenosis of the aqueduct of sylvius
inclusion body myositis
kallmann syndrome
kindler syndrome
lamellar ichthyosis
lymphangioleiomyomatosis
pendred syndrome
primary effusion lymphoma
scrub typhus
severe combined immunodeficiency
sneddon syndrome
typhoid
von hippel-lindau disease
well-differentiated liposarcoma
werner syndrome
x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
zellweger syndrome
This symptom has already been validated